All my sons
كان الراحل آرثر ميلر من ابرز الكتاب المسرحيين الأمريكيين في فترة ما بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية. ولمست أعمال ميلر وترا حساسا لدى جيل كامل من مرتادي المسرح في أنحاء العالم بتناولها التأملي في الجانب المظلم من "الحلم الأمريكي".
وكان ميلر قد توفي الجمعة الحادي عشر من فبراير/شباط 2005 عن عمر يناهز 89 عاما، وذلك بعد صراع طويل مع السرطان والالتهاب الرئوي وأمراض القلب.
وقد أذهلت اشهر شخصيات ميلر الجمهور في أول عرض لها عام 1949 في فيلادلفيا، وهي شخصية ويلي لومان في مسرحيته "موت بائع متجول"، وهو رجل حطمته ضغوط الحياة العصرية، وقد أثرت في الجمهور لحد بكاء بعضهم، وأصبح آرثر ميلر شهيرا بين يوم وليلة.
ولد آرثر ميلر في نيويورك عام 1915، وكان والده يمتلك مصنعا للملابس لكن أعماله انهارت ماليا بعد الازمة الاقتصادية الهائلة عام 1929.
وقد عمل في وظائف متواضعة ليستطيع دفع تكاليف دراسته الجامعية التي درس فيها الصحافة وظهر أيضا خلالها اختلافه عن المعتاد.
وخلال سيرته التي امتدت نصف قرن كانت أعمال ميلر سجلا للتغييرات المضطربة في أغلب الأحيان، التي عاشتها الولايات المتحدة.
ميلر والمكارثية
وحقق الإرث الذي تركه آرثر ميلر من الشهرة والاهتمام الكثير حتى أنه لا يمر يوم إلا وتعرض فيه إحدى مسرحياته بمكان ما من العالم.
وصورت أولى مسرحياته "كلهم أبنائي" تأثير الحرب العالمية الثانية على أسرة أمريكية، واتهم ميلر وقتها بللا وطنية، إلا انه رد بأنه كان فقط يقول الحقيقة.
لكنه، وبسبب آراءه الليبرالية تعرض خلال الحملة المكارثية لملاحقة واضطهاد بسبب أفكاره اليسارية واتهامه بالشيوعية. وأدلى بشهادته أمام لجنة من الكونجرس، ورفض فيها أن يصرح بأسماء أصدقائه وزملائه الذين كان يشتبه في أنهم شيوعيون، وسجن بتهمة ازدراء الجلسة.
رفض ميلر ذكر اسماء اصدقائه وزملائه في الجلسة
وقال ميلر وقتها "اشعر الآن كما شعرت دائما من قبل، وهو إنني لا اعتقد انه يجب على الشخص أن يكون واشيا ليمارس مهنته بحرية في الولايات المتحدة".
وقد تناول ميلر المكارثية في مسرحيته الشهيرة "البوتقة" التي كانت تعبيرا قويا عن الإدانة والرفض، وبعد ذلك بسنوات كتب ميلر النص السينمائي للبوتقة وقد قام ببطولة الفيلم زوج ابنته دانيال داي لويس والممثلة وينونا رايدر.
مفاجأه الزواج من مونرو
وأصيب الكثيرون بالدهشة عندما تزوج ميلر من مونرو عام 1956. لكن زواج المفكر المؤلف ومعبودة الشاشة والأضواء، والذي وصف وقتها بزواج العقل والجمال، لم يكتب له النجاح.
وصف زواجهما بأنه زواج العقل بالجمال
وقال الكاتب المسرحي انه أعجب بشجاعتها، وعقب انفصالهما في عام 1961 تزوج ميلر من المصورة الشهيرة انجي موراث التي قابلها في موقع تصوير فيلم قام هو بكتابة قصته، وكانت بطلته مونرو.
وبعد عدة أعوام، انقطع ميللر عن العمل في أمريكا، وقال انه يرى أن الكتاب يعاملون كأدوات للتسلية والترفيه وليس باعتبارهم مفكرون ومعلمون للأخلاق. وشن حملة ضد ما وصفه بتجارية برودواي التي تركز فقط على الربح.
وعظم رفضه لمبادئ برودواي من كآبة أعماله المسرحية التي اعترف بها مرارا وبارتياح، وقال "اعتقد أن اغلب النهايات سيئة، معظم البشرية تحبط".
وظلت أعماله محط إعجاب وحب في بريطانيا، وفي عام 1995 فازت مسرحيته "الزجاج المكسور" بجائزة اوليفر البارزة لأفضل مسرحية.
وقام ميلر بنفسه بإخراج مسرحيته "موت بائع متجول" للمسرح الصيني، وكان الجمهور مبتهجا حقا بها هناك.
علامات استفهام
وبعيدا عن بريق النجومية الذي أحاط به، وجائزة بوليتزر التي نالها عن مسرحيته "موت بائع متجول"، سعى ميلر إلى دفع جمهوره وقرائه نحو إثارة علامات استفهام حول المجتمع والسلطة.
وبعد أحداث الحادي عشر من سبتمبر/أيلول عام 2001 قال ميلر إن الهجمات هي جزء من "حرب ضد الإنسانية".
وأضاف "منذ ستالين والنازيين، اثبت الواقع انه تفوق على الخيال".
كما أعرب عن شكوكه في قدرة الرئيس الأمريكي جورج بوش على معالجة الأزمة، وحذر من أن الإجراءات الطارئة التي نفذتها الإدارة الأمريكية بعد الهجمات قد يكون لها مردود سلبي على الحريات.
ولما كان ميلر صاحب درجة عالية من النزاهة في حياته الشخصية والعملية، فقد كان ليبراليا من طراز أول وهي الصفة الشخصية التي جعلته يرفض قبول الحلم الأمريكي بشكله وقيمه الظاهرية.
لمحه عن حيـآته وأعمال من مسرحيـآت ::
حيث ولد آرثر ميللر في مدينة نيويورك يوم 17 أكتوبر عام 1915 لأسرة متوسطة الحال عجزت عن توفير المال الكافي لمساعدته في متابعة دراسته مما دفعه للعمل الشاق في مختلف المجالات. وقد شهد فترة الكساد الاقتصادي الذي ساد العالم وخاصة في المجتمع الأمريكي ما بين 1929 - 1934 وكان لهذا الوعي المبكر بقضايا الناس الاجتماعية والاقتصادية أثرها على اقتراب ميللر من الفكر اليساري الشيوعي وتبنيه للمواقف المناصرة لطبقات الشعب المقهورة.
أول مسرحية كتبها ميلر كانت "The Man who had all the Luck" عام 1944 وذلك خلال دراسته الجامعية في جامعة ميتشجان ونال عليها جائزة ، وكانت هذه المسرحية الفاتحة المباركة حيث اتجه ميللر إلى الابداع المسرحي، وكتب خلال أربع سنوات العديد من التمثيليات للإذاعة، واستطاع في عام 1947 أن يفوز بجائزة نقاد الدراما عن أحسن مسرحيات الموسم في التأليف الأمريكي بمسرحية "كلهم أبنائي". وفاز عام 1948 بجائزة على مسرحيته "وفاة بائع متجوّل" التي صدرت ضمن سلسلة "أحسن مسرحيات 1948-1949.
وبعض النقاد يعتبرون ميللر حلقة الوصل ما بين التراث القومي الجاد الذي أسس له أونيل وأوديتس وبين التراث العالمي الممثل بإبسن وتشيكوف وبرناردشو.
تزوج ميللر عام 1940 من ماري سالاتري زميلته في الدراسة الجامعية ورزق منها ولدا وبنتا لكنه طلقها عام 1956 ، ثم كان زواجه الثاني من أشهر ممثلة عالمية يومها "مارلين مونرو" ولم يوفق بهذا الزواج أيضا وانفصلا عام 1960 . لكن زواجه من أشهر ممثلة ترك أثره الكبير عليه، وظهر ذلك في العديد من مسرحياته، خاصة مسرحية "بعد السقوط". بعدها تزوج من مصوّرة نمساوية أسعدته في حياته .
لقد تعرّض ميللر إلى الملاحقة من السلطات الأمريكية بسبب مواقفه السياسية والاجتماعية ومناصرته لحقوق الانسان المظلوم. وكان الحدث الأبرز يوم رفضت وزارة الخارجية الأمريكية منحه جواز سفر لحضور افتتاح مسرحية "البوتقة" التي عرضت في بروكسل عاصمة بلجيكا بحجة أنه يُناصر الشيوعية. وعلى أثر ذلك قام ميللر بنشر مقال في مجلة The Nation بعنوان "اقتراح متواضع لتهدئة الغليان العام" واقترح فيه بتهكم وسخرية أن يقدم كل مواطن أمريكي بلغ الثامنة عشرة نفسه - وبواقع مرة كل سنتين بعد هذا - إلى السلطات ليخضع للاعتقال الوطني. فاذا ما دخل المواطن السجن يتم تصنيفه وتحديد مدى خيانته لوطنه، فإمّا أنه خائن نظري أي أنه اشترك في محادثات تمس بشكل إيجابي دفاع الأمة ضد العدو، أو عجز عن إظهار النفور العلني أو المرئي أو المسموع من هذه المحادثات. وإمّا أنه خائن عامل أي حضر اجتماعات الهيئات التي حددها النائب العام. . أو هو ينتمي إلى فئة ثالثة صغيرة من المواطنين غير المصنفين، وهي تتكوّن أساسا ممّن دخلوا مؤسسات الأمراض العقلية أو مصحات العجزة والمسنين وأعضاء مكتب التحقيق الفيدرالي، وكذلك ممن لم يسجلوا أسماءهم في أيّة مكتبة عامة كمستعيرين للكتب، وممن خاضوا الحرب الأهلية، وأخيرا غالبية الأطفال! . وفي حالة وجود مثل هذه المادة في الدستور سيقدم المواطن الأمريكي نفسه إلى المسئوليبن عن السجن بلا نقص في حريته وبأثمن ما يملكه، لأنه يقدّم نفسه والحب يغمر قلبه، والرغبة تتأجج في صدره كي يثبت لجميع مواطنيه أنه أمريكي، وأنه توّاق لأن يعرف الجميع كل تصرّف يأتيه في حياته وما يكون لهذا التصرّف من دلالة وطنية. ويمكن أن يقال كذلك أنه إذا كان الصبي الأمريكي صالحا لكي يشترك في حرب، فإنه يكون صالحا تماما للذهاب إلى السجن من أجل أن يُرفرف السلام على عقل بلده".
ومَثُل ميللر أمام لجنة تحقيق وتعرّض لملاحقات السياسة المكارثية التي تجبّرت وطغت في تلك الفترة.
لقد كتب ميللر العديد من المسرحيات وعرض فيها من خلال شخصياتها أراءه المختلفة في السياسة والمجتمع والاقتصاد والحياة ، وكان تركيزه الأساسي على حياة الانسان الفرد لأنه رأى في واقع العصر الحاضر المادي أن الاحساس الجماعي الذي عرفه المسرح الأغريقي لا وجود له، وأن الهموم الفردية هي التي تطارد الانسان، ووحده الذي يواجهها .
كانت كل مسرحية له تنتهي بحكمة يقدمها للمتلقي إذا كان قارئا أو مشاهدا . ففي مسرحيته الأولى " الرجل الذي أوتي الحظ" خلص إلى "أنّ الانسان يجب أن يؤمن بأنه سيّد حياة نفسه على هذه الأرض، وليس الأوراق التي توضع في فناجين الشاي ، ولا النجوم". وكانت مسرحية "كلهم أبنائي All my Sons " تعرض صورة للرجل العادي الضائع الحائر الذي يوجد في عالم لا قيَم فيه ولا مسئولية لانسان نحو غيره.. وفي مسرحية "وفاة بائع متجولDeath of a salesman " قصد كما صرّح " أن يجلو ما يحدث حين لا تكون لدى الانسان سيطرة على القوى التي تحرّك حياته، وحين لا يكون لديه إحساس بالقيم التي تقوده إلى هذا النوع من السيطرة".. ثم مسرحية "عدو الشعب An Enemy of the People " وفيها يطرح أزمة الانسان الديمقراطي الذي يتعلم من بلده أنّ القاعدة العامة ليست منزهة أو على صواب. ومسرحية "البوتقة "The Crucible" والتي بسببها منع من السفر إلى بلجيكا لحضور حفل افتتاحها وذلك لاتهامه بأنه في هذا المسرحية يهاجم المكارثية ويطرح موضوع التسلط البوليسي على الفكر وحرية الرأي، وتدعو إلى الالتزام بالمبادىء إلى حدّ التضحية بالروح. ثم مسرحية "ذكرى يومي اثنين A Memory of two Mondays" ويعالج فيها موضوع الإيجار والجوع والحاجة إلى شيء من الشعر في الحياة. ومسرحية "مشهد من الجسر "A View from the Bridge " وتتناول انشغال الانسان بالرغبات الحيوانية والشذوذ الجنسي وتُعالج فكرة الذنب حين يقع الانسان فيه، وكيف يُعاني من شعوره بالذنب ويصل إلى اكتشافه لنفسه وتحديد علاقاته بالغير .
وكانت قمة أعماله، بعد صمت سنوات، مسرحية "بعد السقوط After the Fall" التي صدرت عام 1964 وفيها طرح القضايا الفكرية الكبيرة : " هل المعرفة هي كل شيء؟ أن نعرف، ونحن سعداء، أننا نلتقي في حديقة من حدائق الفاكهة الشمعية والأشجار المرسومة، أكذوبة جنّة عدن تلك، ولكننا نلتقي بعد السقوط، بعد كثير، كثير من ألوان الموت. فهل المعرفة هي كل شيء؟" وقد ركّز ميللر على "البراءة" كمحور أساسي حيث وضح في حديث صحفي قائلا: " أعني بالبراءة أن يعمى الانسان عن الدّوافع التي تحركه والأفعال التي ياتيها . فمن الخطر أن يحسّ الانسان بأنه بريء، لأن هذا يمكن أن يؤدي إلى جميع الكوارث. فنحن غالبا ما نضمن من خلال البراءة وجود انفصال بين أفعالنا الخاصة وبين ذواتنا مما يجعل العنف ممكن الاستمرار." وقد اتهم ميللر بأن مسرحيته هذه هي سيرة ذاتية لفترة حياته مع مارلين مونرو، لكن معظم النقاد اعتبروها "أعظم حدث في تاريخ المسرح الأمريكي" و " أنضج مسرحيات ميللر".
لقد ظل ميللر حتى أيام عمره الأخيرة ملتزما بمواقفه التي تعارض الظلم والقهر والحروب، فوقف ضد السياسات الأمريكية وخاصة التي ينتهجها الرئيس بوش ، فعارض الحرب على أفغانستان والحرب على العراق ، وطالب بالعدالة الاجتماعية والمحافظة على حقوق الانسان الأساسية.
هكذا عاش آرثر ميللر, وهكذا فارق الحياة عن عمر 89 عاما لم يفقد ثقته بالانسان ولم يتخلى عن التزامه بقضايا الحرية والعدالة والانسانية.
زبدة المسرحية بالعربي بإختصـآر شديد ::
أنهـآ تتناول المسرحيةقصة عائلة أمريكية تعاني فقد احد أبنائها في الحرب العالمية الثانية وبينما تصر الأم على انه ما زال على قيد الحياة نجد أن الأب والابن الثاني للعائلة يصران على موته.
وتتناول المسرحية بالنقد الشديد ومن خلال قصة درامية عميقة قضية الفساد والإثراء غير المشروع عن طريق الحروب كما تتناول بالنقد العميق قضية الفردية وتغليبها على مصلحة المجتمع..
أما تحليلهـآـآ إللي وجدنآهـ وبحثنـآ عنه ...
summary
Joe and Kate Keller had two sons, Chris and Larry. Keller owned a manufacturing plant with Steve Deever, and their families were close. Steve's daughter Ann was Larry's beau, and George was their friend. When the war came, both Keller boys and George were drafted.
During the war, Keller's and Deever's manufacturing plant had a very profitable contract with the U.S. Army, supplying airplane parts. One morning, a shipment of defective parts came in. Under pressure from the army to keep up the output, Steve Deever called Keller, who had not yet come into work that morning, to ask what he should do. Keller told Steve to weld the cracks in the airplane parts and ship them out. Steve was nervous about doing this alone, but Keller said that he had the flu and could not go into work. Steve shipped out the defective but possibly safe parts on his own.
Later, it was discovered that the defective parts caused twenty-one planes to crash and their pilots to die. Steve and Keller were arrested and convicted, but Keller managed to win an appeal and get his conviction overturned. He claimed that Steve did not call him and that he was completely unaware of the shipment. Keller went home free, while Steve remained in jail, shunned by his family.
Meanwhile, overseas, Larry received word about the first conviction. Racked with shame and grief, he wrote a letter to Ann telling her that she must not wait for him. Larry then went out to fly a mission, during which he broke out of formation and crashed his plane, killing himself. Larry was reported missing.
Three years later, the action of the play begins. Chris has invited Ann to the Keller house because he intends to propose to her--they have renewed their contact in the last few years while she has been living in New York. They must be careful, however, since Mother insists that Larry is still alive somewhere. Her belief is reinforced by the fact that Larry's memorial tree blew down in a storm that morning, which she sees as a positive sign. Her superstition has also led her to ask the neighbor to make a horoscope for Larry in order to determine whether the day he disappeared was an astrologically favorable day. Everyone else has accepted that Larry is not coming home, and Chris and Keller argue that Mother should learn to forget her other son. Mother demands that Keller in particular should believe that Larry is alive, because if he is not, then their son's blood is on Keller's hands.
Ann's brother George arrives to stop the wedding. He had gone to visit Steve in jail to tell him that his daughter was getting married, and then he left newly convinced that his father was innocent. He accuses Keller, who disarms George by being friendly and confident. George is reassured until Mother accidentally says that Keller has not been sick in fifteen years. Keller tries to cover her slip of the tongue by adding the exception of his flu during the war, but it is now too late. George is again convinced of Keller's guilt, but Chris tells him to leave the house.
Chris's confidence in his father's innocence is shaken, however, and in a confrontation with his parents, he is told by Mother that he must believe that Larry is alive. If Larry is dead, Mother claims, then it means that Keller killed him by shipping out those defective parts. Chris shouts angrily at his father, accusing him of being inhuman and a murderer, and he wonders aloud what he must do in response to this unpleasant new information about his family history.
Chris is disillusioned and devastated, and he runs off to be angry at his father in privacy. Mother tells Keller that he ought to volunteer to go to jail--if Chris wants him to. She also talks to Ann and continues insisting that Larry is alive. Ann is forced to show Mother the letter that Larry wrote to her before he died, which was essentially a suicide note. The note basically confirms Mother's belief that if Larry is dead, then Keller is responsible--not because Larry's plane had the defective parts, but because Larry killed himself in response to the family responsibility and shame due to the defective parts.
Mother begs Ann not to show the letter to her husband and son, but Ann does not comply. Chris returns and says that he is not going to send his father to jail, because that would accomplish nothing and his family practicality has finally overcome his idealism. He also says that he is going to leave and that Ann will not be going with him, because he fears that she will forever wordlessly ask him to turn his father in to the authorities.
Keller enters, and Mother is unable to prevent Chris from reading Larry's letter aloud. Keller now finally understands that in the eyes of Larry and in a symbolic moral sense, all the dead pilots were his sons. He says that he is going into the house to get a jacket, and then he will drive to the jail and turn himself in. But a moment later, a gunshot is heard--Keller has killed himself.
Background
Miller wrote All My Sons after his first play The Man Who Had All the Luck had been a complete failure on Broadway lasting only four performances. Miller wrote All My Sons as a final attempt at writing a commercially successful play - if the play failed to find an audience Miller had vowed to "find some other line of work."[1
All My Sons is based upon a true story, which Arthur Miller's then mother-in-law pointed out in an Ohio newspaper. The story described how a child informed on her father who had sold faulty parts to the U.S. military during World War II. Asked in a TV interview what about the story had inspired him, Arthur Miller said, "I was fascinated by the idea that a child could have this kind of moral courage." When asked why he changed the gender of the character for his play, Miller said, "At the time I didn't understand women very well."
Henrik Ibsen's influence on Miller is evidenced from the Ibsen play The Wild Duck, where Miller took the idea of two partners in a business where one is forced to take moral and legal responsibility for the other. This is mirrored in All My Sons. He also borrowed the idea of a character’s idealism being the source of a problem.[3]
The criticism of the American Dream, which lies at the heart of All My Sons was one reason why Arthur Miller was called to appear before the House Un-American Activities Committee during the 1950s, when America was gripped by anti-communist hysteria. Miller sent a copy of the play to Elia Kazan who directed the original stage version of All My Sons. Kazan was a former member of the Communist Party who shared Miller's left-wing views. However, their relationship was destroyed when Kazan gave names of suspected Communists to the House Un-American Activities Committee during the Red Scare
Characters
1
Joe Keller - Joe Keller was exonerated after being charged with shipping damaged airplane cylinder heads out of his factory during WWII, inadvertently causing the deaths of 21 pilots. For three and a half years he has placed the blame on his partner and former neighbor, Steve Deever. When the truth comes out, Joe justifies his actions by claiming that he did it for his family. At the end of the play he kills himself in a sad attempt to rid his family of the problems he has caused them and perhaps also to stop Kate from hating him.
2
Kate Keller (Mother) - Kate knows that Joe is guilty but lives in denial while mourning for her elder son Larry, who has been MIA for three years. She refuses to believe that Larry is dead and maintains that Ann Deever - who returns for a visit at the request of Larry's brother Chris - is still "Larry's girl" and also believes that he is coming back.
3
Chris Keller – Chris, 32, returned home from World War II two years before the play begins, disturbed by the realization that the world was continuing as if nothing had happened. He has summoned Ann Deever to the Keller house in order to ask her hand in marriage, but their obstacle becomes Kate's unreasonable conviction that Larry will someday return. Chris's idolization of his father results in his devastation when he finds out the truth about what Joe did.
4
Ann Deever - Ann, 26, arrives at the Keller home having shunned her 'guilty' father since his imprisonment. Throughout the play, Ann is often referred to as pretty, beautiful, and intelligent-looking. She had a relationship with Larry Keller before his disappearance, and has since moved on because she knows the truth of his fate. She hopes that the Kellers will consent to her marriage with Larry's brother, Chris, with whom she has corresponded by mail for two years. Ann soon finds out that the neighbors all believe that Joe is guilty, and eventually finds out the truth after a visit from her older brother George. Ann is the knowledge-bearer in the play: finally, unable to convince Kate that Larry is gone forever, Ann reveals a letter from Larry stating his intention to commit suicide having heard of her father’s imprisonment.
5
George Deever – George, 31, is Ann’s older brother: a successful New York lawyer and WWII veteran, and a childhood friend of Chris. He initially believed in his father’s guilt, but upon visiting Steve in jail, realizes his innocence and becomes enraged at the Kellers for deceiving him. He returns to save his sister from her marriage to Chris, creating the catalyst that destroys the Keller family.
6
Frank Lubey – Frank, 32, was always one year ahead of the draft, so he never served in World War II, instead staying home to marry George's former sweetheart, Lydia. He draws up Larry's horoscope and tells Kate that Larry must still be alive, because the day he died was meant to be his 'favorable day.' This strengthens Kate's faith and makes it much harder for Ann to reveal the letter to her.
7
Lydia Lubey - Lydia, 27, was George's love interest before the war; after he went away, she married Frank and they quickly had three children. She is a model of peaceful domesticity and lends a much-needed cheerful air to several moments of the play.
8
Jim Bayliss – Jim is a successful doctor, but is frustrated with the stifling domesticity of his life. He wants to become a medical researcher, but continues in his job as it pays the bills. He is a close friend to the Keller family and spends a lot of time in their backyard.
9
Sue Bayliss - Sue is Jim's wife: needling and dangerous but affectionate, she too is a friend of the Keller family, but is secretly resentful of what she sees as Chris's bad idealistic influence on Jim. Sue confronts Ann about her resentment of Chris in a particularly volatile scene, revealing to Ann that the neighbors all think Joe is guilty.
10
Bert – Bert is a little boy who lives in the neighborhood; he is friends with the Bayliss' son Tommy and frequently visits the Kellers' yard to play "jail" with Joe. He only appears twice in the play. The first time he appears, his part seems pretty unimportant , but the second time he appears his character gets more important as he sparks a verbal attack from mother when mentioning "jail," which highlights Joe's secret.
Unseen characters
Larry Keller - Larry has been MIA for some years at the start of the play, however he has an effect in the play through his mother's insistence that he is still alive and his brother's love for his childhood sweetheart. Comparisons are made in the story between Larry and Chris with their father describing Larry as the more sensible one with a "head" for business. At the end of the play, Ann reveals a letter written by Larry pronouncing him committing suicide out of shame for what his father did.
Steve Deever - ("Peter Smell" in the 1947 movie) George and Ann's father. Steve is sent to prison for the shipping of faulty parts - a crime which he and the successfully exonerated Keller committed.
مليــآنه شخصيــآـآت ..
هنـــآـآ التــآـآبع للشرح ,,,
Themes
American Dream
الحلم الأمريكي
All My Sons is a criticism of the American Dream. Joe Keller, a representative type who would be considered an ordinary American, has lived through the Depression and despite a lack of education he has been able to own a factory, which he hopes his son will inherit. However, Keller’s quest for money leads to his responsibility for the deaths of 21 American pilots.
Keller has apparently achieved the 'American Dream' - he lives in a 'comfortable' house despite being an 'uneducated man.' Miller is emphasizing the hollowness of the American Dream and that one should 'think about the consequences of our actions.' However, this material comfort which Keller has worked to provide his family with the very best is of little consequence. His strong family unit is an illusion - his wife is ill, Chris is discontent and Larry has committed suicide as a result of his father's narrow-minded and reprehensible decision. It is through the letter from Larry that Keller realizes that he has not only killed one son but all of his sons, a theme which is reiterated by the title of the play. In conclusion, the American Dream has become more like an American Nightmare. Chris shows moral responsibility while his father Joe shows intense family responsibility.
Wartime Profiteering
إستغلال وقت ـآلحرب
Another theme of All My Sons is wartime profiteering. As there were large contracts when America entered the war on two fronts, the conditions were created for what Arthur Miller described as profiteering on a vast scale. Chris Keller is particularly angry that his selflessness in fighting in the war is contrasted by the selfishness of those making money off the war.
Death
الموت
Death is another key theme in All My Sons. Kate Keller refuses to accept her son’s death. She denies the possibility of this death for a long time. Recognizing the death of her son would mean that she recognizes that her husband was responsible. This is an issue that constantly weighs on Kate throughout the work. The tree is a symbol that represents that Larry is still alive, and when the tree gets knocked down Kate still refuses to believe that her son is in danger.
When Chris finds out his father is responsible for killing the 21 pilots, he replies "I was dying every day and you were killing my boys" - and it is very notable Chris refers to the pilots as 'his boys' and says 'I was dying every day'; making them closer to himself and trying to indicate to the audience the extent of which he feels he has moral obligation to society.
Setting
The Keller's yard in late
August, 1946
وهنا ملخص لفصول المسرحيه الثـلأثه ..
الفصل الأول
Act I
The Penguin edition of All My SonsThe play begins on a Sunday in late August 1946. Joe Keller is reading the Sunday paper and talking to his neighbors, Dr. Jim Bayliss and Frank Lubey. Frank talks about a horoscope for Joe's son Larry that he is compiling for Kate Keller, Joe’s wife. Jim's wife, Sue, and Frank's wife, Lydia, each make brief appearances.
Ann Deever, the Kellers' former next-door-neighbor, has come to visit the family and is asleep upstairs. While waiting for her, Joe and Chris talk about Larry's memorial tree, which has blown down during the night. Larry was reported missing during World War II and is presumed MIA, as there has been no contact with him for more than three years. Kate clings to the hope that he will come back, but Chris feels that it is wrong to keep up such a pretence for her. Bert comes by to play jail with Joe and runs off to patrol the neighborhood.
Chris admits to his father that he wants to marry Ann; however, Ann was Larry’s girlfriend before he served in World War II, and since Kate does not believe Larry to be dead, Ann is still technically "Larry's girl." By marrying Ann, Chris is effectively pronouncing Larry dead, so Joe fears that Kate will object to the proposal of marriage.
Kate emerges and describes her nightmare from the evening before; it is about Larry falling from his plane and crying her name. She objects when Chris tells her that the family should try to forget Larry. Kate admits to Joe that she is suspicious about why Ann has come to visit; she tells him that she knows that Ann believes with her that Larry is still alive, and tells Joe that he must keep believing also. Bert reappears, but is harshly banished by Kate.
When Ann finally comes down, everyone talks about how beautiful and mature she looks, and the family engages in smalltalk until Kate asks Ann if she is still waiting for Larry. Ann says that she is not, and realizes for the first time how deeply Kate's hope runs.
It is revealed that Steve Deever, Ann’s father, is serving time for the deaths of 21 pilots who crashed over Australia due to the faulty cylinder heads shipped out by the Keller/Deever factory in 1943. Keller insists that it was Steve's crime and recalls how he successfully appealed against his conviction for the crime while Steve remained in prison. Keller reacts strongly to Ann's conviction that her father is guilty. Ann has refused all contact with her father since Larry was reported missing, and insists that her father's actions may have related to Larry's death.
When Chris and Ann are left alone in the yard, they reveal their love for each other; however, Ann senses that Chris seems somehow ashamed, and asks him to tell her about it so their relationship can be an honest one. Chris recounts his experience of losing his company during a battle in the War. He is still angry that at home, life has continued as normal, and this affects his ability to accept the gift of having Ann.
Joe emerges and tells Ann that her brother George is on the phone from Columbus. Joe tells Chris that he mustn't feel ashamed of the family money; then Ann comes out and reveals that George is coming back to the house after visiting his father in prison for the first time, and Joe is clearly worried.
الفصل الثاني
Act II
As they come out, Chris is removing Larry's fallen tree and the family is inside getting ready for dinner. Kate confides in Chris Keller's concern that George may bring up the case again, and says she won't live through it if he does.
Ann emerges and is met with Chris's assurance that they will tell her of their marriage plans tonight. Sue Bayliss interrupts Ann's solo reverie by searching for Jim, and they share a drink of juice. Sue asks Ann to move away from the area if she and Chris marry because Chris’ idealism is negatively affecting her husband Jim. Jim had always wanted to become a medical researcher but Sue did not want him to because of the unreliability compared to his current stable job. Sue implies Joe's guilt and insists that Chris and everyone else know something about it. Ann defends Chris, saying that he wouldn’t take money out of the plant if there was anything wrong with it, but she becomes disturbed because Chris told her that the case was all forgotten.
Chris reassures Ann by telling her he wouldn’t be able to forgive his father if he had murdered the pilots. Ann's faith in Chris is restored, and they and Joe share conversation in the yard. Joe offers Steve a job for when he gets out of jail, but Ann insists that Joe owes Steve nothing and Chris refuses to have him at the plant.
Jim enters, having gone to pick George up from the train. He warns Chris and Ann that George is angry and should be driven somewhere to talk, a proposition which Chris promptly refuses. A loud argument ensues, in which George tries to convince Ann that Chris knows Joe is guilty, having allowed his father to take the blame for shipping the damaged parts, and Ann is caught between the two men that she loves, unable to make them reconcile with each other. Kate enters, causing Chris and George to halt their argument; she is extraordinarily happy about seeing "Georgie" and pacifies him enough to settle everyone down for a time. Keller then enters; George reluctantly greets him. Then Lydia emerges and her past relationship with George is then revealed. Lydia has had three children and shows George the life on which he missed out while he was serving in World War II.
Ann goes inside to call a cab for George, having insisted that he must leave on the next train and not start a fight. Keller asks George about Steve and then argues that throughout Steve’s life he never took responsibility for his own actions, so he must be guilty now. Just when it seems that George is convinced and he agrees to stay for dinner, Kate tells him that Keller has never been sick in fifteen years, thereby disproving Keller's earlier alibi that he had the flu on the day that Steve allowed the cracked heads to be shipped, and was not able to come to the office. George latches on to this slip of the tongue and begins to interrogate Joe.
Frank rushes in with Larry's finished horoscope and asserts that the day Larry was supposed to have died was his "favorable day" and he must therefore be alive somewhere in the world. Kate believes him unhesitatingly and tells Ann that she packed her bag and that Ann must leave with George. Ann insists that she will stay until Chris tells her to go, and reluctantly tells George to leave, running after him to try to make amends.
Chris tries to insist that he will marry Ann, but Kate finally tells him that if Larry is dead, Joe killed him. Chris understands this to mean that Joe was guilty of shipping the faulty parts. Which means that Joe would have been responsible for Larry's death. Keller at last admits his guilt, but justifies his actions saying that if he had done it for his family. And if he went that day the factory would have been shut down and he would have lost money needed to support his family. Chris rejects this explanation, telling Joe that his responsibility to his country sometimes outweighs that to his business and family. Chris storms off, leaving Joe worn out
and heart brokenly guilty.
الفصل الثالث
Act III
Kate waits on the back porch for Chris- he took the car six hours before and has not come back yet. Jim enters and consoles Kate before the entrance of Joe. Ann has stayed in her room for those six hours: having seen Chris storm out of the house, she now knows the truth about Keller’s guilt. Joe insists that Chris just doesn't understand what responsibility for family means, and that Larry knew better what the business was all about. Joe tells Kate that he did it all for her and their two sons.
When Ann emerges, she asks Kate to tell Chris that she knows Larry is dead, so that Chris will no longer feel ashamed about his love for Ann. Kate still insists that Larry is alive; Ann insists that she loved him and wouldn't have even considered marrying anyone else if she weren't sure he'd died. Finally, Ann asks Joe to go into the house and produces a letter that Larry wrote her the day he died; she tells Kate that she didn't bring the letter to hurt the family, but both are devastated by the final destruction of Kate's hope.
Chris returns and tells Ann and Kate that he is going away to Cleveland to start over; he rejects Ann when she begs to go with him, saying that he can no longer bear to look at his father but can also not bring himself to send him to prison as he deserves and therefore is not a moral and strong enough man for her. When Joe enters, he confronts Chris and they argue about Joe's guilt. Ann rushes forward and gives Larry's letter to Chris; Kate tries to take it away from him and to prevent Joe from hearing it, but it is too late. Chris reads the letter aloud: it describes how, upon learning about the investigation into the incident and his realization of his father's guilt, Larry couldn't bear to live anymore; he told Ann that he knew he'd be reported missing and that she mustn't wait for him. All realize that Joe was responsible for Larry's death: Although Larry's plane did not have a cracked cylinder head in it, Larry found out that his father was not the kind of man he thought he'd been. He took his own life by crashing his plane during a mission rather than face the disillusionment he could now see through. On hearing this news, Keller goes inside the house to get his jacket and turn himself in; but while Chris and Kate argue about sending him to prison and Ann watches the results of the letter unfold, a shot is heard. Joe has committed suicide. Ann runs off to find Dr. Bayliss, and Chris and Kate are left alone in a final tableau of their grief.
كان الراحل آرثر ميلر من ابرز الكتاب المسرحيين الأمريكيين في فترة ما بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية. ولمست أعمال ميلر وترا حساسا لدى جيل كامل من مرتادي المسرح في أنحاء العالم بتناولها التأملي في الجانب المظلم من "الحلم الأمريكي".
وكان ميلر قد توفي الجمعة الحادي عشر من فبراير/شباط 2005 عن عمر يناهز 89 عاما، وذلك بعد صراع طويل مع السرطان والالتهاب الرئوي وأمراض القلب.
وقد أذهلت اشهر شخصيات ميلر الجمهور في أول عرض لها عام 1949 في فيلادلفيا، وهي شخصية ويلي لومان في مسرحيته "موت بائع متجول"، وهو رجل حطمته ضغوط الحياة العصرية، وقد أثرت في الجمهور لحد بكاء بعضهم، وأصبح آرثر ميلر شهيرا بين يوم وليلة.
ولد آرثر ميلر في نيويورك عام 1915، وكان والده يمتلك مصنعا للملابس لكن أعماله انهارت ماليا بعد الازمة الاقتصادية الهائلة عام 1929.
وقد عمل في وظائف متواضعة ليستطيع دفع تكاليف دراسته الجامعية التي درس فيها الصحافة وظهر أيضا خلالها اختلافه عن المعتاد.
وخلال سيرته التي امتدت نصف قرن كانت أعمال ميلر سجلا للتغييرات المضطربة في أغلب الأحيان، التي عاشتها الولايات المتحدة.
ميلر والمكارثية
وحقق الإرث الذي تركه آرثر ميلر من الشهرة والاهتمام الكثير حتى أنه لا يمر يوم إلا وتعرض فيه إحدى مسرحياته بمكان ما من العالم.
وصورت أولى مسرحياته "كلهم أبنائي" تأثير الحرب العالمية الثانية على أسرة أمريكية، واتهم ميلر وقتها بللا وطنية، إلا انه رد بأنه كان فقط يقول الحقيقة.
لكنه، وبسبب آراءه الليبرالية تعرض خلال الحملة المكارثية لملاحقة واضطهاد بسبب أفكاره اليسارية واتهامه بالشيوعية. وأدلى بشهادته أمام لجنة من الكونجرس، ورفض فيها أن يصرح بأسماء أصدقائه وزملائه الذين كان يشتبه في أنهم شيوعيون، وسجن بتهمة ازدراء الجلسة.
رفض ميلر ذكر اسماء اصدقائه وزملائه في الجلسة
وقال ميلر وقتها "اشعر الآن كما شعرت دائما من قبل، وهو إنني لا اعتقد انه يجب على الشخص أن يكون واشيا ليمارس مهنته بحرية في الولايات المتحدة".
وقد تناول ميلر المكارثية في مسرحيته الشهيرة "البوتقة" التي كانت تعبيرا قويا عن الإدانة والرفض، وبعد ذلك بسنوات كتب ميلر النص السينمائي للبوتقة وقد قام ببطولة الفيلم زوج ابنته دانيال داي لويس والممثلة وينونا رايدر.
مفاجأه الزواج من مونرو
وأصيب الكثيرون بالدهشة عندما تزوج ميلر من مونرو عام 1956. لكن زواج المفكر المؤلف ومعبودة الشاشة والأضواء، والذي وصف وقتها بزواج العقل والجمال، لم يكتب له النجاح.
وصف زواجهما بأنه زواج العقل بالجمال
وقال الكاتب المسرحي انه أعجب بشجاعتها، وعقب انفصالهما في عام 1961 تزوج ميلر من المصورة الشهيرة انجي موراث التي قابلها في موقع تصوير فيلم قام هو بكتابة قصته، وكانت بطلته مونرو.
وبعد عدة أعوام، انقطع ميللر عن العمل في أمريكا، وقال انه يرى أن الكتاب يعاملون كأدوات للتسلية والترفيه وليس باعتبارهم مفكرون ومعلمون للأخلاق. وشن حملة ضد ما وصفه بتجارية برودواي التي تركز فقط على الربح.
وعظم رفضه لمبادئ برودواي من كآبة أعماله المسرحية التي اعترف بها مرارا وبارتياح، وقال "اعتقد أن اغلب النهايات سيئة، معظم البشرية تحبط".
وظلت أعماله محط إعجاب وحب في بريطانيا، وفي عام 1995 فازت مسرحيته "الزجاج المكسور" بجائزة اوليفر البارزة لأفضل مسرحية.
وقام ميلر بنفسه بإخراج مسرحيته "موت بائع متجول" للمسرح الصيني، وكان الجمهور مبتهجا حقا بها هناك.
علامات استفهام
وبعيدا عن بريق النجومية الذي أحاط به، وجائزة بوليتزر التي نالها عن مسرحيته "موت بائع متجول"، سعى ميلر إلى دفع جمهوره وقرائه نحو إثارة علامات استفهام حول المجتمع والسلطة.
وبعد أحداث الحادي عشر من سبتمبر/أيلول عام 2001 قال ميلر إن الهجمات هي جزء من "حرب ضد الإنسانية".
وأضاف "منذ ستالين والنازيين، اثبت الواقع انه تفوق على الخيال".
كما أعرب عن شكوكه في قدرة الرئيس الأمريكي جورج بوش على معالجة الأزمة، وحذر من أن الإجراءات الطارئة التي نفذتها الإدارة الأمريكية بعد الهجمات قد يكون لها مردود سلبي على الحريات.
ولما كان ميلر صاحب درجة عالية من النزاهة في حياته الشخصية والعملية، فقد كان ليبراليا من طراز أول وهي الصفة الشخصية التي جعلته يرفض قبول الحلم الأمريكي بشكله وقيمه الظاهرية.
لمحه عن حيـآته وأعمال من مسرحيـآت ::
حيث ولد آرثر ميللر في مدينة نيويورك يوم 17 أكتوبر عام 1915 لأسرة متوسطة الحال عجزت عن توفير المال الكافي لمساعدته في متابعة دراسته مما دفعه للعمل الشاق في مختلف المجالات. وقد شهد فترة الكساد الاقتصادي الذي ساد العالم وخاصة في المجتمع الأمريكي ما بين 1929 - 1934 وكان لهذا الوعي المبكر بقضايا الناس الاجتماعية والاقتصادية أثرها على اقتراب ميللر من الفكر اليساري الشيوعي وتبنيه للمواقف المناصرة لطبقات الشعب المقهورة.
أول مسرحية كتبها ميلر كانت "The Man who had all the Luck" عام 1944 وذلك خلال دراسته الجامعية في جامعة ميتشجان ونال عليها جائزة ، وكانت هذه المسرحية الفاتحة المباركة حيث اتجه ميللر إلى الابداع المسرحي، وكتب خلال أربع سنوات العديد من التمثيليات للإذاعة، واستطاع في عام 1947 أن يفوز بجائزة نقاد الدراما عن أحسن مسرحيات الموسم في التأليف الأمريكي بمسرحية "كلهم أبنائي". وفاز عام 1948 بجائزة على مسرحيته "وفاة بائع متجوّل" التي صدرت ضمن سلسلة "أحسن مسرحيات 1948-1949.
وبعض النقاد يعتبرون ميللر حلقة الوصل ما بين التراث القومي الجاد الذي أسس له أونيل وأوديتس وبين التراث العالمي الممثل بإبسن وتشيكوف وبرناردشو.
تزوج ميللر عام 1940 من ماري سالاتري زميلته في الدراسة الجامعية ورزق منها ولدا وبنتا لكنه طلقها عام 1956 ، ثم كان زواجه الثاني من أشهر ممثلة عالمية يومها "مارلين مونرو" ولم يوفق بهذا الزواج أيضا وانفصلا عام 1960 . لكن زواجه من أشهر ممثلة ترك أثره الكبير عليه، وظهر ذلك في العديد من مسرحياته، خاصة مسرحية "بعد السقوط". بعدها تزوج من مصوّرة نمساوية أسعدته في حياته .
لقد تعرّض ميللر إلى الملاحقة من السلطات الأمريكية بسبب مواقفه السياسية والاجتماعية ومناصرته لحقوق الانسان المظلوم. وكان الحدث الأبرز يوم رفضت وزارة الخارجية الأمريكية منحه جواز سفر لحضور افتتاح مسرحية "البوتقة" التي عرضت في بروكسل عاصمة بلجيكا بحجة أنه يُناصر الشيوعية. وعلى أثر ذلك قام ميللر بنشر مقال في مجلة The Nation بعنوان "اقتراح متواضع لتهدئة الغليان العام" واقترح فيه بتهكم وسخرية أن يقدم كل مواطن أمريكي بلغ الثامنة عشرة نفسه - وبواقع مرة كل سنتين بعد هذا - إلى السلطات ليخضع للاعتقال الوطني. فاذا ما دخل المواطن السجن يتم تصنيفه وتحديد مدى خيانته لوطنه، فإمّا أنه خائن نظري أي أنه اشترك في محادثات تمس بشكل إيجابي دفاع الأمة ضد العدو، أو عجز عن إظهار النفور العلني أو المرئي أو المسموع من هذه المحادثات. وإمّا أنه خائن عامل أي حضر اجتماعات الهيئات التي حددها النائب العام. . أو هو ينتمي إلى فئة ثالثة صغيرة من المواطنين غير المصنفين، وهي تتكوّن أساسا ممّن دخلوا مؤسسات الأمراض العقلية أو مصحات العجزة والمسنين وأعضاء مكتب التحقيق الفيدرالي، وكذلك ممن لم يسجلوا أسماءهم في أيّة مكتبة عامة كمستعيرين للكتب، وممن خاضوا الحرب الأهلية، وأخيرا غالبية الأطفال! . وفي حالة وجود مثل هذه المادة في الدستور سيقدم المواطن الأمريكي نفسه إلى المسئوليبن عن السجن بلا نقص في حريته وبأثمن ما يملكه، لأنه يقدّم نفسه والحب يغمر قلبه، والرغبة تتأجج في صدره كي يثبت لجميع مواطنيه أنه أمريكي، وأنه توّاق لأن يعرف الجميع كل تصرّف يأتيه في حياته وما يكون لهذا التصرّف من دلالة وطنية. ويمكن أن يقال كذلك أنه إذا كان الصبي الأمريكي صالحا لكي يشترك في حرب، فإنه يكون صالحا تماما للذهاب إلى السجن من أجل أن يُرفرف السلام على عقل بلده".
ومَثُل ميللر أمام لجنة تحقيق وتعرّض لملاحقات السياسة المكارثية التي تجبّرت وطغت في تلك الفترة.
لقد كتب ميللر العديد من المسرحيات وعرض فيها من خلال شخصياتها أراءه المختلفة في السياسة والمجتمع والاقتصاد والحياة ، وكان تركيزه الأساسي على حياة الانسان الفرد لأنه رأى في واقع العصر الحاضر المادي أن الاحساس الجماعي الذي عرفه المسرح الأغريقي لا وجود له، وأن الهموم الفردية هي التي تطارد الانسان، ووحده الذي يواجهها .
كانت كل مسرحية له تنتهي بحكمة يقدمها للمتلقي إذا كان قارئا أو مشاهدا . ففي مسرحيته الأولى " الرجل الذي أوتي الحظ" خلص إلى "أنّ الانسان يجب أن يؤمن بأنه سيّد حياة نفسه على هذه الأرض، وليس الأوراق التي توضع في فناجين الشاي ، ولا النجوم". وكانت مسرحية "كلهم أبنائي All my Sons " تعرض صورة للرجل العادي الضائع الحائر الذي يوجد في عالم لا قيَم فيه ولا مسئولية لانسان نحو غيره.. وفي مسرحية "وفاة بائع متجولDeath of a salesman " قصد كما صرّح " أن يجلو ما يحدث حين لا تكون لدى الانسان سيطرة على القوى التي تحرّك حياته، وحين لا يكون لديه إحساس بالقيم التي تقوده إلى هذا النوع من السيطرة".. ثم مسرحية "عدو الشعب An Enemy of the People " وفيها يطرح أزمة الانسان الديمقراطي الذي يتعلم من بلده أنّ القاعدة العامة ليست منزهة أو على صواب. ومسرحية "البوتقة "The Crucible" والتي بسببها منع من السفر إلى بلجيكا لحضور حفل افتتاحها وذلك لاتهامه بأنه في هذا المسرحية يهاجم المكارثية ويطرح موضوع التسلط البوليسي على الفكر وحرية الرأي، وتدعو إلى الالتزام بالمبادىء إلى حدّ التضحية بالروح. ثم مسرحية "ذكرى يومي اثنين A Memory of two Mondays" ويعالج فيها موضوع الإيجار والجوع والحاجة إلى شيء من الشعر في الحياة. ومسرحية "مشهد من الجسر "A View from the Bridge " وتتناول انشغال الانسان بالرغبات الحيوانية والشذوذ الجنسي وتُعالج فكرة الذنب حين يقع الانسان فيه، وكيف يُعاني من شعوره بالذنب ويصل إلى اكتشافه لنفسه وتحديد علاقاته بالغير .
وكانت قمة أعماله، بعد صمت سنوات، مسرحية "بعد السقوط After the Fall" التي صدرت عام 1964 وفيها طرح القضايا الفكرية الكبيرة : " هل المعرفة هي كل شيء؟ أن نعرف، ونحن سعداء، أننا نلتقي في حديقة من حدائق الفاكهة الشمعية والأشجار المرسومة، أكذوبة جنّة عدن تلك، ولكننا نلتقي بعد السقوط، بعد كثير، كثير من ألوان الموت. فهل المعرفة هي كل شيء؟" وقد ركّز ميللر على "البراءة" كمحور أساسي حيث وضح في حديث صحفي قائلا: " أعني بالبراءة أن يعمى الانسان عن الدّوافع التي تحركه والأفعال التي ياتيها . فمن الخطر أن يحسّ الانسان بأنه بريء، لأن هذا يمكن أن يؤدي إلى جميع الكوارث. فنحن غالبا ما نضمن من خلال البراءة وجود انفصال بين أفعالنا الخاصة وبين ذواتنا مما يجعل العنف ممكن الاستمرار." وقد اتهم ميللر بأن مسرحيته هذه هي سيرة ذاتية لفترة حياته مع مارلين مونرو، لكن معظم النقاد اعتبروها "أعظم حدث في تاريخ المسرح الأمريكي" و " أنضج مسرحيات ميللر".
لقد ظل ميللر حتى أيام عمره الأخيرة ملتزما بمواقفه التي تعارض الظلم والقهر والحروب، فوقف ضد السياسات الأمريكية وخاصة التي ينتهجها الرئيس بوش ، فعارض الحرب على أفغانستان والحرب على العراق ، وطالب بالعدالة الاجتماعية والمحافظة على حقوق الانسان الأساسية.
هكذا عاش آرثر ميللر, وهكذا فارق الحياة عن عمر 89 عاما لم يفقد ثقته بالانسان ولم يتخلى عن التزامه بقضايا الحرية والعدالة والانسانية.
زبدة المسرحية بالعربي بإختصـآر شديد ::
أنهـآ تتناول المسرحيةقصة عائلة أمريكية تعاني فقد احد أبنائها في الحرب العالمية الثانية وبينما تصر الأم على انه ما زال على قيد الحياة نجد أن الأب والابن الثاني للعائلة يصران على موته.
وتتناول المسرحية بالنقد الشديد ومن خلال قصة درامية عميقة قضية الفساد والإثراء غير المشروع عن طريق الحروب كما تتناول بالنقد العميق قضية الفردية وتغليبها على مصلحة المجتمع..
أما تحليلهـآـآ إللي وجدنآهـ وبحثنـآ عنه ...
summary
Joe and Kate Keller had two sons, Chris and Larry. Keller owned a manufacturing plant with Steve Deever, and their families were close. Steve's daughter Ann was Larry's beau, and George was their friend. When the war came, both Keller boys and George were drafted.
During the war, Keller's and Deever's manufacturing plant had a very profitable contract with the U.S. Army, supplying airplane parts. One morning, a shipment of defective parts came in. Under pressure from the army to keep up the output, Steve Deever called Keller, who had not yet come into work that morning, to ask what he should do. Keller told Steve to weld the cracks in the airplane parts and ship them out. Steve was nervous about doing this alone, but Keller said that he had the flu and could not go into work. Steve shipped out the defective but possibly safe parts on his own.
Later, it was discovered that the defective parts caused twenty-one planes to crash and their pilots to die. Steve and Keller were arrested and convicted, but Keller managed to win an appeal and get his conviction overturned. He claimed that Steve did not call him and that he was completely unaware of the shipment. Keller went home free, while Steve remained in jail, shunned by his family.
Meanwhile, overseas, Larry received word about the first conviction. Racked with shame and grief, he wrote a letter to Ann telling her that she must not wait for him. Larry then went out to fly a mission, during which he broke out of formation and crashed his plane, killing himself. Larry was reported missing.
Three years later, the action of the play begins. Chris has invited Ann to the Keller house because he intends to propose to her--they have renewed their contact in the last few years while she has been living in New York. They must be careful, however, since Mother insists that Larry is still alive somewhere. Her belief is reinforced by the fact that Larry's memorial tree blew down in a storm that morning, which she sees as a positive sign. Her superstition has also led her to ask the neighbor to make a horoscope for Larry in order to determine whether the day he disappeared was an astrologically favorable day. Everyone else has accepted that Larry is not coming home, and Chris and Keller argue that Mother should learn to forget her other son. Mother demands that Keller in particular should believe that Larry is alive, because if he is not, then their son's blood is on Keller's hands.
Ann's brother George arrives to stop the wedding. He had gone to visit Steve in jail to tell him that his daughter was getting married, and then he left newly convinced that his father was innocent. He accuses Keller, who disarms George by being friendly and confident. George is reassured until Mother accidentally says that Keller has not been sick in fifteen years. Keller tries to cover her slip of the tongue by adding the exception of his flu during the war, but it is now too late. George is again convinced of Keller's guilt, but Chris tells him to leave the house.
Chris's confidence in his father's innocence is shaken, however, and in a confrontation with his parents, he is told by Mother that he must believe that Larry is alive. If Larry is dead, Mother claims, then it means that Keller killed him by shipping out those defective parts. Chris shouts angrily at his father, accusing him of being inhuman and a murderer, and he wonders aloud what he must do in response to this unpleasant new information about his family history.
Chris is disillusioned and devastated, and he runs off to be angry at his father in privacy. Mother tells Keller that he ought to volunteer to go to jail--if Chris wants him to. She also talks to Ann and continues insisting that Larry is alive. Ann is forced to show Mother the letter that Larry wrote to her before he died, which was essentially a suicide note. The note basically confirms Mother's belief that if Larry is dead, then Keller is responsible--not because Larry's plane had the defective parts, but because Larry killed himself in response to the family responsibility and shame due to the defective parts.
Mother begs Ann not to show the letter to her husband and son, but Ann does not comply. Chris returns and says that he is not going to send his father to jail, because that would accomplish nothing and his family practicality has finally overcome his idealism. He also says that he is going to leave and that Ann will not be going with him, because he fears that she will forever wordlessly ask him to turn his father in to the authorities.
Keller enters, and Mother is unable to prevent Chris from reading Larry's letter aloud. Keller now finally understands that in the eyes of Larry and in a symbolic moral sense, all the dead pilots were his sons. He says that he is going into the house to get a jacket, and then he will drive to the jail and turn himself in. But a moment later, a gunshot is heard--Keller has killed himself.
Background
Miller wrote All My Sons after his first play The Man Who Had All the Luck had been a complete failure on Broadway lasting only four performances. Miller wrote All My Sons as a final attempt at writing a commercially successful play - if the play failed to find an audience Miller had vowed to "find some other line of work."[1
All My Sons is based upon a true story, which Arthur Miller's then mother-in-law pointed out in an Ohio newspaper. The story described how a child informed on her father who had sold faulty parts to the U.S. military during World War II. Asked in a TV interview what about the story had inspired him, Arthur Miller said, "I was fascinated by the idea that a child could have this kind of moral courage." When asked why he changed the gender of the character for his play, Miller said, "At the time I didn't understand women very well."
Henrik Ibsen's influence on Miller is evidenced from the Ibsen play The Wild Duck, where Miller took the idea of two partners in a business where one is forced to take moral and legal responsibility for the other. This is mirrored in All My Sons. He also borrowed the idea of a character’s idealism being the source of a problem.[3]
The criticism of the American Dream, which lies at the heart of All My Sons was one reason why Arthur Miller was called to appear before the House Un-American Activities Committee during the 1950s, when America was gripped by anti-communist hysteria. Miller sent a copy of the play to Elia Kazan who directed the original stage version of All My Sons. Kazan was a former member of the Communist Party who shared Miller's left-wing views. However, their relationship was destroyed when Kazan gave names of suspected Communists to the House Un-American Activities Committee during the Red Scare
Characters
1
Joe Keller - Joe Keller was exonerated after being charged with shipping damaged airplane cylinder heads out of his factory during WWII, inadvertently causing the deaths of 21 pilots. For three and a half years he has placed the blame on his partner and former neighbor, Steve Deever. When the truth comes out, Joe justifies his actions by claiming that he did it for his family. At the end of the play he kills himself in a sad attempt to rid his family of the problems he has caused them and perhaps also to stop Kate from hating him.
2
Kate Keller (Mother) - Kate knows that Joe is guilty but lives in denial while mourning for her elder son Larry, who has been MIA for three years. She refuses to believe that Larry is dead and maintains that Ann Deever - who returns for a visit at the request of Larry's brother Chris - is still "Larry's girl" and also believes that he is coming back.
3
Chris Keller – Chris, 32, returned home from World War II two years before the play begins, disturbed by the realization that the world was continuing as if nothing had happened. He has summoned Ann Deever to the Keller house in order to ask her hand in marriage, but their obstacle becomes Kate's unreasonable conviction that Larry will someday return. Chris's idolization of his father results in his devastation when he finds out the truth about what Joe did.
4
Ann Deever - Ann, 26, arrives at the Keller home having shunned her 'guilty' father since his imprisonment. Throughout the play, Ann is often referred to as pretty, beautiful, and intelligent-looking. She had a relationship with Larry Keller before his disappearance, and has since moved on because she knows the truth of his fate. She hopes that the Kellers will consent to her marriage with Larry's brother, Chris, with whom she has corresponded by mail for two years. Ann soon finds out that the neighbors all believe that Joe is guilty, and eventually finds out the truth after a visit from her older brother George. Ann is the knowledge-bearer in the play: finally, unable to convince Kate that Larry is gone forever, Ann reveals a letter from Larry stating his intention to commit suicide having heard of her father’s imprisonment.
5
George Deever – George, 31, is Ann’s older brother: a successful New York lawyer and WWII veteran, and a childhood friend of Chris. He initially believed in his father’s guilt, but upon visiting Steve in jail, realizes his innocence and becomes enraged at the Kellers for deceiving him. He returns to save his sister from her marriage to Chris, creating the catalyst that destroys the Keller family.
6
Frank Lubey – Frank, 32, was always one year ahead of the draft, so he never served in World War II, instead staying home to marry George's former sweetheart, Lydia. He draws up Larry's horoscope and tells Kate that Larry must still be alive, because the day he died was meant to be his 'favorable day.' This strengthens Kate's faith and makes it much harder for Ann to reveal the letter to her.
7
Lydia Lubey - Lydia, 27, was George's love interest before the war; after he went away, she married Frank and they quickly had three children. She is a model of peaceful domesticity and lends a much-needed cheerful air to several moments of the play.
8
Jim Bayliss – Jim is a successful doctor, but is frustrated with the stifling domesticity of his life. He wants to become a medical researcher, but continues in his job as it pays the bills. He is a close friend to the Keller family and spends a lot of time in their backyard.
9
Sue Bayliss - Sue is Jim's wife: needling and dangerous but affectionate, she too is a friend of the Keller family, but is secretly resentful of what she sees as Chris's bad idealistic influence on Jim. Sue confronts Ann about her resentment of Chris in a particularly volatile scene, revealing to Ann that the neighbors all think Joe is guilty.
10
Bert – Bert is a little boy who lives in the neighborhood; he is friends with the Bayliss' son Tommy and frequently visits the Kellers' yard to play "jail" with Joe. He only appears twice in the play. The first time he appears, his part seems pretty unimportant , but the second time he appears his character gets more important as he sparks a verbal attack from mother when mentioning "jail," which highlights Joe's secret.
Unseen characters
Larry Keller - Larry has been MIA for some years at the start of the play, however he has an effect in the play through his mother's insistence that he is still alive and his brother's love for his childhood sweetheart. Comparisons are made in the story between Larry and Chris with their father describing Larry as the more sensible one with a "head" for business. At the end of the play, Ann reveals a letter written by Larry pronouncing him committing suicide out of shame for what his father did.
Steve Deever - ("Peter Smell" in the 1947 movie) George and Ann's father. Steve is sent to prison for the shipping of faulty parts - a crime which he and the successfully exonerated Keller committed.
مليــآنه شخصيــآـآت ..
هنـــآـآ التــآـآبع للشرح ,,,
Themes
American Dream
الحلم الأمريكي
All My Sons is a criticism of the American Dream. Joe Keller, a representative type who would be considered an ordinary American, has lived through the Depression and despite a lack of education he has been able to own a factory, which he hopes his son will inherit. However, Keller’s quest for money leads to his responsibility for the deaths of 21 American pilots.
Keller has apparently achieved the 'American Dream' - he lives in a 'comfortable' house despite being an 'uneducated man.' Miller is emphasizing the hollowness of the American Dream and that one should 'think about the consequences of our actions.' However, this material comfort which Keller has worked to provide his family with the very best is of little consequence. His strong family unit is an illusion - his wife is ill, Chris is discontent and Larry has committed suicide as a result of his father's narrow-minded and reprehensible decision. It is through the letter from Larry that Keller realizes that he has not only killed one son but all of his sons, a theme which is reiterated by the title of the play. In conclusion, the American Dream has become more like an American Nightmare. Chris shows moral responsibility while his father Joe shows intense family responsibility.
Wartime Profiteering
إستغلال وقت ـآلحرب
Another theme of All My Sons is wartime profiteering. As there were large contracts when America entered the war on two fronts, the conditions were created for what Arthur Miller described as profiteering on a vast scale. Chris Keller is particularly angry that his selflessness in fighting in the war is contrasted by the selfishness of those making money off the war.
Death
الموت
Death is another key theme in All My Sons. Kate Keller refuses to accept her son’s death. She denies the possibility of this death for a long time. Recognizing the death of her son would mean that she recognizes that her husband was responsible. This is an issue that constantly weighs on Kate throughout the work. The tree is a symbol that represents that Larry is still alive, and when the tree gets knocked down Kate still refuses to believe that her son is in danger.
When Chris finds out his father is responsible for killing the 21 pilots, he replies "I was dying every day and you were killing my boys" - and it is very notable Chris refers to the pilots as 'his boys' and says 'I was dying every day'; making them closer to himself and trying to indicate to the audience the extent of which he feels he has moral obligation to society.
Setting
The Keller's yard in late
August, 1946
وهنا ملخص لفصول المسرحيه الثـلأثه ..
الفصل الأول
Act I
The Penguin edition of All My SonsThe play begins on a Sunday in late August 1946. Joe Keller is reading the Sunday paper and talking to his neighbors, Dr. Jim Bayliss and Frank Lubey. Frank talks about a horoscope for Joe's son Larry that he is compiling for Kate Keller, Joe’s wife. Jim's wife, Sue, and Frank's wife, Lydia, each make brief appearances.
Ann Deever, the Kellers' former next-door-neighbor, has come to visit the family and is asleep upstairs. While waiting for her, Joe and Chris talk about Larry's memorial tree, which has blown down during the night. Larry was reported missing during World War II and is presumed MIA, as there has been no contact with him for more than three years. Kate clings to the hope that he will come back, but Chris feels that it is wrong to keep up such a pretence for her. Bert comes by to play jail with Joe and runs off to patrol the neighborhood.
Chris admits to his father that he wants to marry Ann; however, Ann was Larry’s girlfriend before he served in World War II, and since Kate does not believe Larry to be dead, Ann is still technically "Larry's girl." By marrying Ann, Chris is effectively pronouncing Larry dead, so Joe fears that Kate will object to the proposal of marriage.
Kate emerges and describes her nightmare from the evening before; it is about Larry falling from his plane and crying her name. She objects when Chris tells her that the family should try to forget Larry. Kate admits to Joe that she is suspicious about why Ann has come to visit; she tells him that she knows that Ann believes with her that Larry is still alive, and tells Joe that he must keep believing also. Bert reappears, but is harshly banished by Kate.
When Ann finally comes down, everyone talks about how beautiful and mature she looks, and the family engages in smalltalk until Kate asks Ann if she is still waiting for Larry. Ann says that she is not, and realizes for the first time how deeply Kate's hope runs.
It is revealed that Steve Deever, Ann’s father, is serving time for the deaths of 21 pilots who crashed over Australia due to the faulty cylinder heads shipped out by the Keller/Deever factory in 1943. Keller insists that it was Steve's crime and recalls how he successfully appealed against his conviction for the crime while Steve remained in prison. Keller reacts strongly to Ann's conviction that her father is guilty. Ann has refused all contact with her father since Larry was reported missing, and insists that her father's actions may have related to Larry's death.
When Chris and Ann are left alone in the yard, they reveal their love for each other; however, Ann senses that Chris seems somehow ashamed, and asks him to tell her about it so their relationship can be an honest one. Chris recounts his experience of losing his company during a battle in the War. He is still angry that at home, life has continued as normal, and this affects his ability to accept the gift of having Ann.
Joe emerges and tells Ann that her brother George is on the phone from Columbus. Joe tells Chris that he mustn't feel ashamed of the family money; then Ann comes out and reveals that George is coming back to the house after visiting his father in prison for the first time, and Joe is clearly worried.
الفصل الثاني
Act II
As they come out, Chris is removing Larry's fallen tree and the family is inside getting ready for dinner. Kate confides in Chris Keller's concern that George may bring up the case again, and says she won't live through it if he does.
Ann emerges and is met with Chris's assurance that they will tell her of their marriage plans tonight. Sue Bayliss interrupts Ann's solo reverie by searching for Jim, and they share a drink of juice. Sue asks Ann to move away from the area if she and Chris marry because Chris’ idealism is negatively affecting her husband Jim. Jim had always wanted to become a medical researcher but Sue did not want him to because of the unreliability compared to his current stable job. Sue implies Joe's guilt and insists that Chris and everyone else know something about it. Ann defends Chris, saying that he wouldn’t take money out of the plant if there was anything wrong with it, but she becomes disturbed because Chris told her that the case was all forgotten.
Chris reassures Ann by telling her he wouldn’t be able to forgive his father if he had murdered the pilots. Ann's faith in Chris is restored, and they and Joe share conversation in the yard. Joe offers Steve a job for when he gets out of jail, but Ann insists that Joe owes Steve nothing and Chris refuses to have him at the plant.
Jim enters, having gone to pick George up from the train. He warns Chris and Ann that George is angry and should be driven somewhere to talk, a proposition which Chris promptly refuses. A loud argument ensues, in which George tries to convince Ann that Chris knows Joe is guilty, having allowed his father to take the blame for shipping the damaged parts, and Ann is caught between the two men that she loves, unable to make them reconcile with each other. Kate enters, causing Chris and George to halt their argument; she is extraordinarily happy about seeing "Georgie" and pacifies him enough to settle everyone down for a time. Keller then enters; George reluctantly greets him. Then Lydia emerges and her past relationship with George is then revealed. Lydia has had three children and shows George the life on which he missed out while he was serving in World War II.
Ann goes inside to call a cab for George, having insisted that he must leave on the next train and not start a fight. Keller asks George about Steve and then argues that throughout Steve’s life he never took responsibility for his own actions, so he must be guilty now. Just when it seems that George is convinced and he agrees to stay for dinner, Kate tells him that Keller has never been sick in fifteen years, thereby disproving Keller's earlier alibi that he had the flu on the day that Steve allowed the cracked heads to be shipped, and was not able to come to the office. George latches on to this slip of the tongue and begins to interrogate Joe.
Frank rushes in with Larry's finished horoscope and asserts that the day Larry was supposed to have died was his "favorable day" and he must therefore be alive somewhere in the world. Kate believes him unhesitatingly and tells Ann that she packed her bag and that Ann must leave with George. Ann insists that she will stay until Chris tells her to go, and reluctantly tells George to leave, running after him to try to make amends.
Chris tries to insist that he will marry Ann, but Kate finally tells him that if Larry is dead, Joe killed him. Chris understands this to mean that Joe was guilty of shipping the faulty parts. Which means that Joe would have been responsible for Larry's death. Keller at last admits his guilt, but justifies his actions saying that if he had done it for his family. And if he went that day the factory would have been shut down and he would have lost money needed to support his family. Chris rejects this explanation, telling Joe that his responsibility to his country sometimes outweighs that to his business and family. Chris storms off, leaving Joe worn out
and heart brokenly guilty.
الفصل الثالث
Act III
Kate waits on the back porch for Chris- he took the car six hours before and has not come back yet. Jim enters and consoles Kate before the entrance of Joe. Ann has stayed in her room for those six hours: having seen Chris storm out of the house, she now knows the truth about Keller’s guilt. Joe insists that Chris just doesn't understand what responsibility for family means, and that Larry knew better what the business was all about. Joe tells Kate that he did it all for her and their two sons.
When Ann emerges, she asks Kate to tell Chris that she knows Larry is dead, so that Chris will no longer feel ashamed about his love for Ann. Kate still insists that Larry is alive; Ann insists that she loved him and wouldn't have even considered marrying anyone else if she weren't sure he'd died. Finally, Ann asks Joe to go into the house and produces a letter that Larry wrote her the day he died; she tells Kate that she didn't bring the letter to hurt the family, but both are devastated by the final destruction of Kate's hope.
Chris returns and tells Ann and Kate that he is going away to Cleveland to start over; he rejects Ann when she begs to go with him, saying that he can no longer bear to look at his father but can also not bring himself to send him to prison as he deserves and therefore is not a moral and strong enough man for her. When Joe enters, he confronts Chris and they argue about Joe's guilt. Ann rushes forward and gives Larry's letter to Chris; Kate tries to take it away from him and to prevent Joe from hearing it, but it is too late. Chris reads the letter aloud: it describes how, upon learning about the investigation into the incident and his realization of his father's guilt, Larry couldn't bear to live anymore; he told Ann that he knew he'd be reported missing and that she mustn't wait for him. All realize that Joe was responsible for Larry's death: Although Larry's plane did not have a cracked cylinder head in it, Larry found out that his father was not the kind of man he thought he'd been. He took his own life by crashing his plane during a mission rather than face the disillusionment he could now see through. On hearing this news, Keller goes inside the house to get his jacket and turn himself in; but while Chris and Kate argue about sending him to prison and Ann watches the results of the letter unfold, a shot is heard. Joe has committed suicide. Ann runs off to find Dr. Bayliss, and Chris and Kate are left alone in a final tableau of their grief.